// Utilities for writing to and reading from I/O ports #include "ports.h" byte vga_readb(u16 port) { // Reads a byte from the specified I/O port byte result; __asm__("in %%dx, %%al" : "=a" (result) : "d" (port)); return result; } void vga_writeb(u16 port, byte data) { // Writes a byte to the specified I/O port __asm__("out %%al, %%dx" : : "a" (data), "d" (port)); } u16 vga_readw(u16 port) { // Reads a word (16 bits) from the specified I/O port u16 result; __asm__("in %%dx, %%ax" : "=a" (result) : "d" (port)); return result; } void vga_writew(u16 port, u16 data) { // Writes a word (16 bits) to the specified I/O port __asm__("out %%ax, %%dx" : : "a" (data), "d" (port)); }